Textile Raw Material

     
Textile:
A textile was originally a woven fabric, but the terms textile and plural textiles are now also applied to fibers, filament amd yarns, natural and manufacturing and most products for which these are a principal raw materials.
This definition embraces, for example, fiber based products in the following categories, threads, cords, ropes, brains, woven, knitted and non woven fabric, lace, rest and embroidery, hosiery, knitwear and made up apparels house hold.
Textiles soft furnishings and upholstery carpets and other floor coverings; technical, industrial and engineering textiles including geo-textiles and Medicare textiles.
Fiber:
The material which consists fibrous structure and length is thousand times higher than its width is called fiber. It is also the generic term used to describe the basic element of the material from which yarns, textile, knits other substance are made. Most apparel fiber ranges in length from 15 to 150 mm and thickness ranges from 10mm to 50mm.
Textile fiber:
The materials which consist fibrous structure and length is thousand times higher than its width/diameter and can be spun into yarn suitable for weaving or knitting and easily colored by suitable dyestuff aew known as textile fibra. So a textile fiber have to contain the following characteristics:
         i.            Fibrous structure
       ii.            Sufficient length
      iii.            Elasticity and flexibility
     iv.            Length is thousand times higher than its width/diameter
       v.            Spunable i.e. It has spinning quality
     vi.            Fineness
    vii.            Color
  viii.            Dye ability i.e. Affinity to dye etc.
Process sequence of textile:
1.      Fiber/Filament
(Spinning)
2.      Yarn/Thread
(Weaving/Knitting)
3.      Grey Fabric
(Dyeing, Printing, Finishing)
4.      Finished Fabric
(Cutting, Sewing)
5.      Garments  

Textile raw materials:
Raw material has not been subjected to a specific process of manufacture. Textile raw materials are materials that can be converted into yarns and fabrics of any nature or character. Fiber is a raw materials used in textile manufacturing.
All fibers are not textile fibers:
A fiber is a unit matter whose length is 1000 times longer than its width. All the fibers can not be textile fibers because to be textile fiber it should posses some important qualities. It should have sufficient strength, length, fineness, elasticity crimp, friction, power to react with acid and alkali and power to protect the effect of biological agents etc.it should be available too. Cotton, jute etc are the textile fibers as they have the above qualities but fiber of banana tree only fiber and not textile fiber as they do not posses quality like elasticity, strength, appearance etc. So, we can say that all fibers are not textile fiber.

Staple fiber:
Ø  Staple fibers are of comparatively short length. For example cotton, wool etc.
Ø  The fiber can be short staple and long staple
Ø  A single is very week
Ø  Several staples have to be twisted together to become yarn.
Filament:
Ø  A filament is a fiber of indefinite length. For example nylon, polyester etc.
Ø  A filament is usually man made
Ø  Filament can be cut into staple lengths which are spun on their own or in mixtures with other staples.
Ø  Two types of filaments; nono filament and multifilament.
Ø  Monofilament is a strand containing a long continuous filament
Ø  Multi filament is a strand containing two or more filament.
Classification of textile fiber:
There are two types of textile fiber,
1.      Natural Fiber And
2.      Man Made Fiber

1.      Natural Fiber:
There Are Three Types of Natural Fiber,
a.       Natural Fiber Of Vegetable Origin. It Is Divided Into Three Types,
                                                         i.            Bast Fiber: Example: Jute, Flax.
                                                       ii.            Leaf Fiber: Example : Sisal, Pineapple.
                                                      iii.            Seed Fiber : Example : Cotton, Kapok.
b.      Natural Fiber Of Animal Origin ;
Example Wool, Silk.
c.       Natural Fiber Of Mineral Origin :
d.      Example : Asbestos,Glass.
2.      Man Made Fiber:It Has Two Types:
A. Natural Polymer/Regenerated Fiber:
  There Are Four Types Of Regenerated Fiber:
         i.            Cellulose(Rayon)
       ii.            Cellulose Ester
      iii.            Protein
     iv.            Miscellaneous
B. Synthetic:
         i.            Polyamides
       ii.            Polyesters
      iii.            Polyvinyl Derivatives
     iv.            Polyolefins
       v.            Polyurerganes
     vi.            Miscellaneous
Polyvinyl Derivatives  Divided By:
         i.            Polyacrylonitrile
       ii.            Polyvinyl Chloride
      iii.            Polyvinylidene Chloride
     iv.            Polyvinyl Alcohol
       v.            Polytetrafluoro Ethylene And Related Polymers
     vi.            Polyvinylidene Dinitrile
    vii.            Polystyrene
  viii.            Misscellaneous
Merits and demerits of natural fiber and man-made fiber:
1 ) Length/fiber structure: (Microscopic structure)
a.       Length of natural fiber is limited for different fibers but the length of man-made fiber is unlimited because the length of man-made fiber is depended on wished of manufacturer.
b.      Most of the man-made fiber is crystalline than natural fiber and structure is partially different such as follow and natural strands cotton.
c.       Crimps and scalls in wool and felt such characteristics are the great advantages of nayural fiber which are absent in man-made fiber.
2 ) strength:
a.       The strength of man-made fibers is higher than natural fibers because of it’s crystalline and orientation.
b.      The amorphousness is higher in natural fiber  than man-made fiber.
3 ) Scope of weariness:
In clothing, natural fibers are demandable due to its merit point of touch, softness, hygienic characteristics, that’s why only the dresses of natural fiber are more comfortable than man-made fiber.
4 ) Production.

Properties of textile fibers:
There are three types of textile fibers. Such as:-
1.      Physical properties
2.      Chemical properties and
3.      Thermal properties.
1 ) physical properties:
         i.            Length: it depends upon the types of fibers. It is fine in case of man-made fiber but varies largely in case of natural fibers. The length are measured in three ways – average length, effective length and staple length. Staple length (<2”), medium length (2-4”) and long length (>4”). Length affected some fiber properties such as – strength, processing, appearance etc.
       ii.            Strength: the capability of a fiber to support a load is known as its strength. In case of a fiber, the strength is described as tenacity.
Tenacity=strength/linear density.
It is expressed in terms of CN/Tex or N/Tex

      iii.            Flexibility:flexibility is that property to resist repeated bending and folding.
     iv.            Cohesiveness: it is the ability of the fiber to cling together during spinning depends on crimp and twist.
       v.            Fineness: the term fineness describes the quality of a fiber. It is expressed by the terms count, tex, denier, tex per unit length etc. Fineness affects some fiber properties such as yarn count, yarn strength yarn regularity etc.
     vi.            Cross-sectional: the cross section of a fiber determines the physical properties of the fiber. It gives idea about strength, fineness that varies from fiber to fiber. The coss-section shape of a fiber is important because it contributes to the surface appearance of luster, bulk and body of the fibers, yarn and fabrics. It has effect in twisting, bending or shunning.
    vii.            Crimp: it refers to the waves or bends that take place along the length of a fiber. It increases cohesiveness resilience resistance to abrasion and increased bulk or warmth to fabric. It also helps fabric to maintain their softness or thickness, increase absorbency and show contact comforts bid reduces lusture. A fiber may have one of the three types of crimp. Namely-mechanical crimp, natural crimp or inherent crimp and chemical crimp.
  viii.            Elasticity: it is the power of recovery from deformation. The fiber may be plastic or elastic which depends upon fiber condition and surrounding environment.
     ix.            Resiliency: it is the property of fiber, which enables it to recover from a certain load or stretch over a period of time.
       x.            Toughness: the ability of a fiber to endure large permanent deformations without rupture is called toughness.
     xi.            Work of rupture: the area below the stress-strain curves provides a measure of the work required to break the fiber. It is called work of rupture and it commonly express in CN/tex.
    xii.            Appearance: it is expressed by length, fineness, cross-section, cleanness and lusture of a fabric. Generally short fibers are bulky and loss lusturous.
  xiii.            Density: the density indicates the mass per unit volume. The specific gravity of a fiber indicates the density relative to that of water at 4℃.
  xiv.            Elongation: it is the ability to be stretched, extended or lengthened. Elongation vary at different temperatures and when wet or dry.
2 ) chemical properties:
         i.            Water: water is very important to determine the properties of fiber. According to the behavior of fibers with water, fibers are classified into two group –hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Water is used in process like scouring, dyeing etc.
       ii.            It is the ability of fiber to take up moisture and is expressed in therms of moisture regain. It depend upon the polarity of the polymers and the ratio of its amorphous and crystalline region.
      iii.            Acid: textile fiber and materials are subjected to acids in various process like bleaching. The different kinds of fibers react different with acids. The acid must be chosen properly to use different process so that it doesn’t make any harm to the fiber but brings the required changes perfectly.
     iv.            Alkali: different kinds of fibers behave differently with different alkalis in different situations. Fr example caustic sida in dilute solution and law temperature dissolved the wool fibers, when as mild alkalis have no injurious effect on wool at ordinary concentration. It is used to many presses as dyeing. Sizing and finishing.
       v.            Heat: textile fiber are subjected to heat in dyeing, drying, steaming, calendaring, pressuring and other operations. Some fibers become tough under heat suct as rayon, resin, where as some burn under heat such as flax, cotton, jute etc.

3 ) thermal properties:
         i.            Amorphousness: amorphous orientation of polymers within the polymer system of any fiber is called amorphous region. In amorphous regions, the polypers are oriented or aligned at random.
       ii.            Crystallinity: crystallinity orientation of polymers within the polymer system of any fiber is called the crystalline region. In crystalline regions the polymers are oriented or aligned longitudinally into more or less parallel order. It is in the crystalline areas that hydrogen bonding and vandar-wals force occur.
      iii.            Flammability: it is the ability to ignite and burn.
     iv.            Dye ability: it is the ability of fibers to be dyed.
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